International Business Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Business Strategy - Assignment Example International business operators have adopted a new form of business that entails standardization of the product with the intention of offering and bringing together product and service development and processing. In this aspect, multinationals have tried to make one corporation with branches and operations across the world. The thinking, in this case, is influenced by the precise customer needs and the cultural and geographical factors that impact on the purchasing behavior. Therefore, it is possible to have an international company, say a restaurant, offering entirely different types of goods and services in different parts of the world. This depends on the people living in a certain global locality. Nevertheless, the company’s logo and brand name continue to unite its global customers.   Another thinking of the international business that has evolved is the arbitrage thinking. This involves the exploitation of the differences that arise between regional and national marke ts. Business operators are now required to be more vigilant in the location of important parts of the supply chain in different regions. For instance, Europeans, mainly value opening many retail shops while Indians value the initiation of call centers to monitor employees and customers and create a better channel of communication.Another strategic thinking, that has characterized and shaped international business, is the competitive rivalry between different producers and suppliers in the international markets.

Thief Lord Essay -- essays research papers

The Thief Lord   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Thief Lord and he’s band of misfit orphans accepts Barbossa’s mysterious job from â€Å"The Conte†, he gets a picture of a wooden wing from a magical Merry-Go-Round and an address. He’s set to rob Ida Spavento, a photographer and former orphan herself. Victor, the detective following Prosper and Bos trail, catches onto the Thief Lords plans and follows the orphans back to the abandoned theatre â€Å"The Star Palace†, he then searches for the owner of the theatre, Dottor Massimo, a millionaire. Victor makes he way to Dottor’s mansion to buy the theatre, he’s offar is refused. But, there he discovers a boy, who looks similar to the Thief Lord, named Scipio Massimo. â€Å"He quickly lowered his head, but Victor had already recognized him. His hair was tied back in a tight little ponytail and his eyes didn’t look quite as arrogant as they had before, but there could be no doubt: This was the boy who had so innocently asked Victor the time, just before he and his friends had tricked him† (Funke, Chapter 17, page 114.) Victor makes his way back to the theatre where he is captured by the orphans and taken hostage. After hearing the boy’s story, Victor comes to the conclusion the boys are better off on there own, and agrees to keep their secret, and sends their Aunt on a wild goose chace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meanwhile, the Thief Lord and his band of thieves set up to lob Ida’s household. They are caught by Ida’s housemaid and then are...

Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 1

Gillian Lennox didn't mean to die that day. She was mad, though. Mad because she had missed her ride home from school, and because she was cold, and because it was two weeks before Christmas and she was very, very lonely. She walked by the side of the empty road, which was about as winding and hilly as every other country road in south-western Pennsylvania, and viciously kicked offending clumps of snow out of her way. It was a rotten day. The sky was dull and the snow looked tired. And Amy Nowick, who should have been waiting after Gillian cleaned up her studio art project, had already driven away-with her new boyfriend. Sure, it must have been an honest mistake. And she wasn't jealous of Amy, she wasn't, even though one week ago they had both been sixteen and never been kissed. Gillian just wanted to get home. That was when she heard the crying. She stopped, looked around. It sounded like a baby-or maybe a cat. It seemed to be coming from the woods. Her first thought was, Paula Belizer. But that was ridiculous. The little girl who'd disappeared somewhere at the end of this road had been gone for over a year now. The crying came again. It was thin and far away-as if it were coming from the depths of the woods. This time it sounded more human. â€Å"Hello? Hey, is somebody in there?† There was no answer. Gillian stared into the dense stand of oak and hickory, trying to see between the gnarled bare trees. It looked uninviting. Scary. Then she looked up and down the road. Nobody. Hardly surprising-not many cars passed by here. I am not going in there alone, Gillian thought. She was exactly the opposite of the â€Å"Oh, it's such a nice day; let's go tramping through the woods† type. Not to mention exactly the opposite of the brave type. But who else was there? And what else was there to do? Somebody was in trouble. She slipped her left arm through her backpack strap, settling it on the center of her back and leaving her hands free. Then she cautiously began to climb the snow-covered ridge that fell away on the other side to the woods. â€Å"Hello?† She felt stupid shouting and not getting any answer. â€Å"Hi! Hello!† Only the crying sound, faint but continuous, somewhere in front of her. Gillian began to flounder down the ridge. She didn't weigh much, but the crust on the snow was very thin and every step took her ankle deep. Great, and I'm wearing sneakers. She could feel cold seeping into her feet. The snow wasn't so deep once she got into the woods. It was white and unbroken beneath the trees-and it gave her an eerie sense of isolation. As if she were in the wilderness. And it was so quiet. The farther Gillian went in, the deeper the silence became. She had to stop and not breathe to hear the crying. Bear left, she told herself. Keep walking. There's nothing to be scared of! But she couldn't make herself yell again. There is something weird about this place†¦ Deeper and deeper into the woods. The road was far behind her now. She crossed fox tracks and bird scratches in the snow-no sign of any-l thing human. But the crying was right ahead now, and louder. She could hear it clearly. Okay, up this big ridge. Yes, you can do it. Up, up. Never mind if your feet are cold. As she struggled over the uneven ground, she tried to think comforting thoughts. Maybe I can write an article about it for the Viking News and everyone will admire me†¦ Wait. Is it cool or uncool to rescue somebody? Is saving people too nice to be cool? It was an important question, since Gillian currently had only two ambitions: 1) David Blackburn, and, 2) To be invited to the parties the popular kids were invited to. And both of these depended, in a large part, on being cool. If she were only popular, if she only felt good about herself, then everything else would follow. It would be so much easier to be a really wonderful person and do something for the world and make something important of her life if she just felt loved and accepted. If she weren't shy and short and immature looking†¦ She reached the top of the ridge and grabbed at a branch to keep her balance. Then, still hanging on, she let out her breath and looked around. Nothing to see. Quiet woods leading down to a creek just below. And nothing to hear, either. The crying had stopped. Oh, don't do this to me! Frustration warmed Gillian up and chased away her fear. She yelled, â€Å"Hey-hey, are you still out there? Can you hear me? I'm coming to help you!† Silence. And then, very faintly, a sound. Directly ahead. Oh, my God, Gillian thought. The creek. The kid was in the creek, hanging on to something, getting weaker and weaker†¦ Gillian was scrambling down the other side of the ridge, slithering, the wet snow adhering to her like lumpy frosting. Heart pounding, out of breath, she stood on the bank of the creek. Below her, at the edge, she could see fragile ice ledges reaching out like petals over the rushing water. Spray had frozen like diamond drops on overhanging grasses. But nothing living. Gillian frantically scanned the surface of the dark water. â€Å"Are you there?† she shouted. â€Å"Can you hear me?† Nothing. Rocks in the water. Branches caught against the rocks. The sound of the rushing creek. â€Å"Where are you?† She couldn't hear the crying anymore. The water was too loud. Maybe the kid had gone under. Gillian leaned out, looking for a wet head, a shape beneath the surface. She leaned out farther. And then-a mistake. Some subtle change of balance. Ice under her feet. Her arms were wind-milling, but she couldn't get her balance back†¦ She was flying. Nothing solid anywhere. Too surprised to be frightened. She hit the water with an icy shock.

Know the Structure of Education from Early Years to Post...

Schools As Organisations Know the structure of education from early years to post compulsory education Task 1 An education provides people not only with the academic skills required, but also the social skills such as having the self confidence and belief in ones self to achieve a fulfilling and happy life. It is every child’s human right to receive such an education from early years to higher, and therefore several stages in which they must travel for this to happen. Early Years Education The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is a structure in place for the learning and development of children from birth to five years old, for which all schools and early years providers must follow. The purpose of the EYFS is to allow†¦show more content†¦The funding mainly comes from school fees and income from investments, gifts and charities. The building and land is owned by the governing body, and as many of these schools have charitable status they would be tax exempt. They will set their own admission policy and curriculum through the governing body and head teacher. (L/O 1.2) Academies Initially a school had to source funding of  £2 million from businesses, charities or faith bodies to become an academy, however this requirement changed in 2010. The Government decided to allow any school within England the chance to achieve academy status with the involvement of the local community. An academy is obliged to follow the National Curriculum, but has certain freedom around its delivery. Its funding comes from central government rather than the LEA, which would be at the same level per pupil as a maintained school. This allows the academy to choose how their budget is spent in a way that’s most beneficial to its students. (L/O 1.2) Key Stages and Areas of Study As previously mentioned, children from the age of 5 to 16 who are educated in a maintained school must be taught the National Curriculum. This sets out the key stages and core subjects they will follow throughout their time at school. Within this framework, schools can plan and organise the way they teach to best meet the needs of theirShow MoreRelatedKnow the Structure of Education from Early Years to Post-Compulsory Education718 Words   |  3 PagesKnow the structure of education from early years to post-compulsory education Before a child reaches school age they are entitled to free early year’s education from the early year’s foundation stage (EYFS). The aim of the EYFS is to ensure that all children under five benefit from a safe, secure and happy environment where they can play and develop, laying the foundation for success with the primary school curriculum. There are 6 key areas the EYFS are trying to combat and they are: 1. PersonalRead More1.2 Explain the Characteristics of the Different Types of Schools in Relation to Educational Stage(S) and School Governance.627 Words   |  3 Pages1. Know the structure of education from early years to post-compulsory education. 1.2 Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance. Community schools are run and owned by the Local Authority, which may support the school through the local community and also by providing a support service. They will determine the admission policy, also, they will develop the use of school facilities by local groups for example. Read MoreAdvantages Of Universal Primary Education1280 Words   |  6 PagesFortunately for Veeru, Save the Childhood Movement, an NGO founded by educator and Nobel laureate Kailash Satyarthi saved him from child labor and provided him with education. He is now doing very well in school. (1) Primary education is the basic schooling given to children up to the age of puberty including reading, writing, and basic math. (2) The benefits of such basic education include reduction of poverty, increase in income, healthier living, boost in economic growth, reduction in fertility ratesRead MoreMean Girls, By The Queen Bee s And Wannabees Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesidentity and social integration, and for many teens can be very trying. From the moment children begin attending programs such as daycare and elementary schooling, they are transferred from an environment that no longer exclusively contains their parents, to one where they are integrated with other children who are similar in age; also known as peers. In the United States, adolescents spend twice the amount of time within peer groups from a day to day basis than with their parents (Dijkstra Veenstra 2011)Read MoreEducation in South Africa12740 Words   |  51 PagesEducation in South Africa South Africa has 12.3 million learners, 386,000 teachers and around 48,000 schools – including 390 special needs schools and 1,000 registered private schools. Of all the schools, are high schools (Grade 8 to 12) and the rest are primary schools (Grade 1 to 7). School life spans 13 years - or grades - although the first year of education, grade 0 or reception year, and the last three years, grade 10, 11 and grade 12 or matric are not compulsory. Many Primary schoolsRead More Continuing Professional Education in Nursing Essay1988 Words   |  8 Pages1.0 Introduction The phenomenon of continuing professional education has been globally recognized by all professionals as a primary method to top up basic professional education regularly. In the 21st century, the scientific discoveries, technological advances and increasing demands from the society have influenced the need for continuing education for professionals. So to keep practice relevant and future orientated, professionals need to keep updated with currents trends and issues so they don’tRead MoreRight to Education: Reality or Myth?3699 Words   |  15 PagesRIGHT TO EDUCATION: REALITY OR MYTH ALBY JOSEPH In the year 2002, The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament. This amendment provided for insertion of article 21A in the constitution, by which it was made obligatory for the state to provide for free and compulsory education to all children of the age six to fourteen years. This amendment envisaged a consequentialRead MoreThe Rate Of Return On Education : Human Capital Theory And Signalling Models1873 Words   |  8 Pagestheoretical approaches that underpin the rates of return on education – human capital theory and signalling models, together with reviewing the empirical literature on the topic based on such theory and the estimation issues encountered in section one. The section starts by introducing the underlying theory explaining the typical modelling attempts that take place at both the macro and microeconomic levels. Background Causal effects of education have long been a popular research topic for both labourRead MoreFactors Affecting Students Interest in Biology3740 Words   |  15 PagesScience Education International Vol. 17, No. 1, March 2006, pp. 31-48 Factors Affecting Junior High School Students’ Interest in Biology1 RICARDO TRUMPER (rtrumper@research.haifa.ac.il), Faculty of Science and Science Education, Haifa University, Israel ABSTRACT Our study, conducted as part of the ROSE Project, on students interest in biology at the end of their compulsory schooling in Israel, and its relation to their views on science classes, out-of-school experiences in biology, and attitudesRead MoreVarious Educational Commissions and Its Recommendations After Independence Period6702 Words   |  27 PagesTEACHER EDUCATION Submitted To PROF. Dr RAJENDRA PRASAD DEPT OF EDUCATION KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY By G.RENUKA HALL TICKET NO: 11000E1022 Master of education (1st semister) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (Department of education) KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY WARANGAL A.P, INDIA S NO | CONTENTS | PG NO | 01 | INTRODUCTION | 03 | 02 | Meaning and nature of teacher education | 03 | 03 | Teacher education after post

The Life and Death of O. Henry (William Sydney Porter)

Famous short-story writer O. Henry was born William Sydney Porter on Sept. 11, 1862, in Greensboro, N.C. His father, Algernon Sidney Porter, was a physician. His mother, Mrs. Algernon Sidney Porter (Mary Virginia Swaim), died from consumption when O. Henry was just three years old, so he was raised by his paternal grandmother and his aunt. Early Years and Education O. Henry attended the private elementary school of his aunt, Evelina Porter (Miss Lina), starting in 1867. He then went to Linsey Street High School  in Greensboro, but he  left school at the age of 15 to work as a bookkeeper for his uncle at W. C. Porter and Company Drug Store. As a result,  O. Henry was largely self-taught. Being  an avid reader helped. O. Henry as a young man in Texas. Austin History Center, Austin Public Library / Public Domain Marriage,  Career, and Scandal O. Henry worked a number of different jobs, including as a ranch hand in Texas, licensed pharmacist, draftsman, bank clerk, and columnist.  And in 1887, O. Henry  married Athol Estes, stepdaughter of Mr. P. G. Roach. His most notorious occupation was as a bank clerk for the First National Bank of Austin. He resigned from his job in 1894 after he was accused of embezzling funds. In 1896, he was arrested on charges of embezzlement. He posted bail, skipped town, and finally returned in 1897 when he learned that his wife was dying. Athol died on July 25, 1897, leaving him one daughter, Margaret Worth Porter (born in 1889). O. Henry (center) worked as a bank clerk in First National Bank in Austin, Texas until 1894. Austin History Center, Austin Public Library / Public Domain After O. Henry served his time in prison, he married Sarah Lindsey Coleman in Asheville, N.C. in  1907. She  had been his childhood sweetheart. They separated the following year. The Gift of the Magi Short story The Gift of the Magi is one of O. Henrys most famous works. It was published in 1905 and chronicles a cash-strapped couple tasked with buying Christmas presents for each other. Below are some of the key quotes from the story. One dollar and eighty-seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas.There was clearly nothing to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating.The magi, as you know, were wise men —wonderfully wise men —who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones. Blind Mans Holiday Blind Mans Holiday was published in the short story collection Whirligigs in 1910. Below is a memorable passage from the work: Man is too thoroughly an egoist not to be also an egotist; if he love, the object shall know it. During a lifetime he may conceal it through stress of expediency and honour, but it shall bubble from his dying lips, though it disrupt a neighbourhood. It is known, however, that most men do not wait so long to disclose their passion. In the case of Lorison, his particular ethics positively forbade him to declare his sentiments, but he must needs dally with the subject... In addition to this passage, here are key quotes from O. Henrys other works: He wrote love stories, a thing I have always kept free from, holding the belief that the well-known and popular sentiment is not properly matter for publication, but something to be privately handled by the alienist and the florist.  - The Plutonian FireIt was beautiful and simple as all truly great swindles are.  - The Octopus Marooned Death O. Henry died a poor man on June 5, 1910. Alcoholism and ill health are believed to have been factors in his death. The cause of his death is listed as cirrhosis of the liver. In reference to the first line of The Gift of the Magi (One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all), loose change is often seen on Porters headstone in Asheville, North Carolina. chucka_nc / Flickr /  CC BY-SA 2.0 Funeral services were held at a church in New York City, and he was buried in Asheville. His last words are said to have been: Turn up the lights —I dont want to go home in the dark.

Causes Of Willys Tragedy In Death Of A Salesman By Arthur...

Cause of Willy’s tragedy Charles Darwin once said, â€Å"It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent but the most responsive to change.† (University of Cambridge, 1). In the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, Willy Loman is a 63 year old travelling who has been slowly deteriorating due to his age and mental health problems. The play takes place in New England where Willy often travels to several locations around the United States of America selling his goods with little to no success. In the play Willy is the primary cause of his own demise due to his perception of the American Dream, along with flawed morals and unethical values. Four examples that show that Willy is the primary cause of his own†¦show more content†¦Also we learn that Willy is handy and very good with tools. As Charley is figuring out how to fix the ceiling Willy shouts, â€Å"A man who cant handle tools is not a man.† (Miller 34). He is obviously stating that that he is good with tools because he’s insulting Charly due to his inability to use tools. If Willy chooses his career path with a higher degree of wisdom the outcome of his life’s successes is more likely to go in his favour. Therefore, because of Willy’s unattainable life goals, career path and perception of the American Dream he set himself up to end his life the way it did because nothing went right for him. Furthermore, Willy’s tragedy is caused by the ethics and values he gives to his children and for the fact that he does not value hard work and dedication. He raises Biff with the idea that it doesnt matter what you do, as long as youre well liked you will succeed. This idea causes both Willy and Biff to amount to nothing. On the other hand Charley, who is a successful individual, raises his son Bernard to work hard. As result of this Bernard becomes a lawyer and is trying cases at the Supreme Court. Willy Says: That’s just what I mean, Bernar d can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. That’s why I thank Almighty God you’reShow MoreRelatedWilly Loman: the Tragic Hero Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller made the comment that a tragic hero â€Å"has the inherent unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity.† Nowhere is this more evident than in Miller’s play Death of a Salesman, where salesman Willy Loman desperately struggles to regain a sense of dignity after experiencing a number of setbacks in his life. Despite not being able to provide for his family, Willy Loman continues the futile struggle to earn a living, which shows the despairRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman: Illusion In An American Tragedy Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesto choose the most convenient solution to his problem: illusion. They build dreams and fantasies to conceal the more difficult truths of their lives. In his play Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller portrays the hold of such illusions on individuals and its horrible consequences. Through the overly average, overly typical Loman family, Miller shows how dreams of a better life become, as Choudhuri put it, â€Å"fantasies to the point that the difference between illusion and reality, the Loman’s dreams andRead More Death Of A Salesman Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pages Tragedy was a very controversial issue in literature until recent years. Recent figures in literature have set a clear definition for tragedy. Author Miller is one of these figures. Plays and novels have distinguished the definition of tragedy. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary tragedy is a serious piece of literature typically describing a conflict between the protagonist and a superior force and having a sorrowful or disastrous conclusion that excites pity or terror. Miller’s ex plainsRead MoreThe Collapse Of A Cherished Businessman1571 Words   |  7 PagesThe Collapse of a Cherished Businessman Arthur Miller, a highly acclaimed and influential twentieth century dramatist, was born in New York City in 1915. Unlike normal Greek tragedies that focus on the aristocracy, Miller’s works often focus on the plight and tragedy of the common man. According to Rachel Galvin in an article for National Endowment for the Humanities, Miller generally illustrated characters that â€Å"wrestle with power conflicts, personal and social responsibility, the repercussionsRead More Illusion Versus Reality in Death of a Salesman Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesIllusion Versus Reality in Death of a Salesman  Ã‚   A major theme and source of conflict throughout Millers play, Death of a Salesman, is the Loman familys inability to distinguish between reality and illusion.   This is particularly evident in the father, Willy Loman.   Willy has created a fantasy world for himself and his family.   In this world, he and his sons are men of greatness that have what it takes to make it in the business environment.   In reality, none of them can achieve greatnessRead MoreWilly Loman And The American Dream Analysis1075 Words   |  5 PagesDream In Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Lomans pursuit of the American Dream is characterized by his selfishness, demonstrating how the American Dream can subtly turn into the American Nightmare. However, Willy’s role is quite important because he often led to failure through the creation of the American Dream and the real world. To fully understand the storyline of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, one must evaluate each member of the Loman family. The death of Willy LomanRead More Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Millers Death of a Salesman is A Modern Tragedy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In the fourth century B.C., Aristotle set forth his description of dramatic tragedy, and for centuries after, tragedy continued to be defined by his basic observations. It was not until the modern age that playwrights began to deviate somewhat from the basic tenets of Aristotelian tragedy and, in doing so, began to create plays more recognizable to the common people and, thereby, less traditional. Even so, upon examinationRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead More Comparing Father and Child Relationships in Death of a Salesman and A View from the Bridge2026 Words   |  9 PagesFather and Child Relationships in Death of a Salesman and A View from the Bridge       In literature as in life, we go through events which are the effects of the relationships between parent and child.   In both plays Death of a Salesman and A View from the Bridge, Arthur Miller depicts the possessiveness of human nature through the eyes of Willy Loman and Eddie Carbone.   Willy and his son Biff exhibit an undoubtable strain in their relationship.   Willy gives all his dreams to Biff in hopeRead More Destruction of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagesthat, no matter how poor you begin life, you can achieve upward social mobility for your family and children. Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, crushes the ethos of the American Dream. Miller’s ability to portray this delusional idea through the life and relationships of Willy Loman, a typical, low income American, is exquisite. America, in 1949, was experiencing an economic boom, and Miller precisely shows the effect of this on the â€Å"normal† individuals and families in the population, through Willy

Motivation vs Psychological Contract Free Essays

string(31) " will be seen and appreciated\." During the history people’s expectations and needs have been changing. They depends inter alia on actual situation on the market and current necessities of life. The economy climate is also important in creating people’s performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation vs Psychological Contract or any similar topic only for you Order Now People will make a good performance at work when their situation is certain. Poor performance will be made when situation is unstable. One of the key issues connected with the employee performance is motivation. Without well-motivated employees enterprise cannot exist on the market for a long time. Employees are very important part of the company, because thanks to them it can perform properly and fulfill its goals and assumptions. Unmotivated employees will not make their job with proper involvement and commitment, so their performance will be contrary to expectations of an employer. One of the biggest challenge for an employer is to motivate its employees to perform on the required level. Nowadays, it is not easy thing to do. Different types of employees have different expectations and things which motivate them. Different authors created motivation theories, but most of them was created in the last century. Great influence over people has also a psychological contract between them and their organization. Motivation theories and the psychological contract are the most powerful tools to motivate people, when they are used in the right context. Person is motivated when he knows what he wants to do to achieve specific goal. Motivation covers all factors which makes person to act from positive, like money, to negative, like fear of defeat. Motivation factors are different for each individual person. They are changing because of age, sex, position in society, education, level of skills, knowledge and circumstances. Also support from the managers and leaders has a significant meaning. Unmotivated manager cannot lead people to good performance. Organizational background and surrounding environment should be motivating. When managers knows employee’s needs, demands and expectations they are able to treat one as an individual and have specific approach depending on person’s character and attitude. Managers cannot forget about person’s development and setting realistic and challenging targets. Important in keeping positive motivation is also reward for a good job performance. People like to be awarded and that keeps them self-motivated on a high level (Adair 2006). â€Å"Motivation is an important part both in an individual’s and in a company’s performance. Even very well trained and very able employee will not perform well unless motivated. Higher motivation does not always result in a direct increase in productivity, because, in many jobs, productivity is limited by other people or by the pace of machine†(Robertson 1992:137). The motivation theories fall into two groups content and process theories. â€Å"First of them explain why people behave in a particular way in terms of those individuals’ pursuits of need fulfillment. Content theories attempt to determine the specific needs that motivate individuals†(Gallagher 1997). A group of the content theories includes theories of McGregor, Herzberg and McClelland. Process theories are those of, for example, Vroom’s, Adams’, Hackman’s and Oldham’s. Theory X and Theory Y created by McGregor assumed there are two kinds of people. In Theory X people are lazy, unambitious and want to avoid responsibility. Employees are against the system and represent defensive attitude. Very high level of supervising is required otherwise people will perform very poor. Theory Y says that work is in a human nature and it is able to provide enjoyment and self-fulfillment. Managers have just to make a positive climate for personal development and minimize supervision. Thanks to this people will feel self-reliance, confident and self-actualized (Tyson 1993:11). Herzberg was researching factors which have influence over people’s feelings about work. Those factors brings out satisfaction or dissatisfaction: achievement, recognition from others, the work itself, responsibility, opportunities for advancement, company policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations, working conditions. He recognized two groups of factors satisfying needs. First one are external (hygiene) factors that cause unhappiness and dissatisfaction. They have to be present to avoid dissatisfaction, but by themselves they do not provide satisfaction. Managers need to provide intrinsic factors to keep employees happy with their job. He claimed that employee abilities should be fully used otherwise he will not be well motivated (Thomson 2003). „How Herzberg theory applies to XXXX employees. Management at XXXX understands that hygiene factors can potentially cause dissatisfaction among their employees, which in turn can lead to the loss of productivity and profitability. Therefore, they gave their employees Herzberg’s theory assessment. With these results, the company is able to provide competitive pay and bonuses that can motivate employees to work harder XXXX believes that rewarding hard working employees satisfies the motivating factor of job security. The company confirms this with pay incentives. Moreover, Management realizes that work conditions could play an integral part of their business success, not only for their employees, but for their customers as well. In addition to the brand new facilities, they also use state of the art cleaning materials that clean and make any surface resistant to dirt and decay. It is the goal of XXXX to maintain job satisfaction from all of its employees by increasing motivators and decreasing hygiene factors by constantly evaluating themselves through their employees† (Hunter 2007). McClelland’s research has identified three basic categories motivating needs, power, affiliation and achievement, into which people could be grouped, according to which need appears to be the main motivator in their lives. Those most interested in positions seek position of control and influence; those from whom affiliation is most important seek pleasant relationships and enjoy helping others; achieveme nt seekers want success, fear failure, are task-oriented and self-reliant. The implications of the theory in practice are that managers can identify employees who are self-motivated, those who rely more on internal incentives and those who could increase their achievement drive through training† (Tyson 1993:10). Vroom’s theory has three basics elements: expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Expectancy is belief that if a person make an effort to achieve goals he will be seen and appreciated. You read "Motivation vs Psychological Contract" in category "Papers" Instrumentality is conviction that when employee do what should be done with proper accuracy he will be rewarded by salary increase, promotion or other form of appreciation. Valence is the value added by individual to the outcome. Employee will be poorly motivated if his reward has little valence for him (Kermally 2005:53). Adams argued that people want to receive relative returns for the effort they have put into work. Equity theory is based on the individual’s perception of fear treatment. â€Å"This theory bases explanations of behaviour on perceptions of social comparisons. Theory argues that the more intense the perceived inequity, the higher the tension and the stronger the motivation to act†(Buchanan 2004:251). Hackman and Oldham theory of job satisfaction presumes that three main rules decide about work. In the first of them person must perceive work as reasonable, rational. Second one says that person should take the responsibility for own work results. In the last one person should have chance to meet own work results. In their opinion each job should take into consideration above rules. Moreover, if those rules are included the higher probability of motivation occurs more by the job content than by some external factors. In planning the job complexity and level of difficulty should be taken into account (Miner 2006). In every day live people meet with contracts of a different type, for example contract of employment, bank contract etc. Contract is an agreement between two or more participants, which contains some settlements between them. In companies, apart form the contract of employment also can be found an unwritten psychological contract, which is very important to keep a good relationships between the employer and the employees. Psychological contract is necessary to keep long term agreement. It contains mutual expectations and obligations. Fundamentally, the psychological contract expresses the combination of beliefs held by an individual and his or her employer about what they expect of one another. It can be described as the set of reciprocal but unarticulated expectations that exist between individual employees and their employers. As defined by Schein (1965): The notion of a psychological contract implies that there is an unwritten set of expectations operating at all times between eve ry member of an organization and the various managers and others in that organizationâ€Å" (Armstrong 2006:225). The meaning of mutual expectations is also underlined by other researchers, such as: Rousseau and Wade-Benzoni, Katz and Kahn. Expectations are related with behaviour, often they are presumed and they are not formulated in the job contract. Employees may expect, and they usually do, fair treatment, just wage, possibility of future development and that they will be informed what they are expected to do. But expectations are mutual, so the employers also have them. Generally, they want to receive obedience, loyalty, commitment in business or job efficiency. It is normal that each side of this contract possess its own set of assumptions of the other one’s behaviour. Sometimes lack in fulfillment of mutual expectations can cause tensions and misunderstandings, or even dissolving of the contract of employment. â€Å"The significance of the psychological contract was further explained by Sims (1994) as follows: A balanced psychological contract is necessary for a continuing, harmonious relationship between the employee and the organization. However, the violation of the psychological contract can signal to the participants that the parties no longer share (or never shared) a common set of values or goalsâ€Å" (Armstrong 2006:227). Establishing a common set of values or goals is very important to keep positive and proper relations between people in the organization. Especially important seems to be their verbalization, because when people do not know what they can expect, they will not know why they are disappointed afterwards, when their expectations are not met. But they will have a feeling that something is done not as it should be. For the organization that kind of attitude can have a bad influence, because dissatisfied employees can have a negative effect on the organization activities. Specific character of the psychological contract in the organization is not based on a single transaction, because as Spindler claims: †every day people create relationships by means other than formal contracts(†¦) As individuals form relationships they necessarily bring their accumulated experience and developed personalities with them. In ways unknown to them, what they expect from the relationship reflects the sum total of their conscious and unconscious learning to date†(Armstrong 2006:230). Not every person in organization is aware, that in forming specific demands and expectations he or she bases on own knowledge and experience. Psychological contract is something which is usually not defined, so it can develop in unexpected way and have unforeseen consequences. Good psychological contract have a lot of advantages for an employee as well as for an employer. From the employees point of view proper psychological contract should include: proper approach to an employee (equal treatment, appraisal, understanding, respect), employment stability (it is important part of employment, but with dynamic changes on the labour market is not so attractive as it used to be), promotion (employees are focused on personal development and carrier opportunities), power and responsibilities (ability to make own decisions should be related with person’s skills), trust and commitment (employee, who feels understanding and have trust in own organization is more engaged in work and wants the same from the others). On the other hand employers consider that the psychological contract covers competences, effort, commitment, honesty, loyalty and the attitude consisted with the organization values. Psychological contract between the employee and the organization is created when a person is joining the company. The first stage on which some basis of the psychological contract may occur is the process of selection and recruitment. Employer presents own requirements and demands, invites selected persons for an interview and afterwards makes an opinion about the cohesion between the candidate and own organization. Employee acts similarly. After getting to know the organization’s offer he or she should know whether that job is for him or for her appropriate for the offered salary and the level of skills. Psychological contract is not constant, it is not something that stays still. â€Å"The psychological contract remains beneath the surface of relationships and is dynamic in character, continually changing, and frequently unacknowledged. It is a manifestation, too, of the ideals— ego ideals— that one party to the contract has for the other†(Burke 1999:20). It changes, because its environment is changing. External and internal factors have great influence over its state. Internal changes are caused by the market competition. Nowadays career is not always developing from the bottom to the top. It sometimes can be horizontal, which means that individual employee development is not a guarantee of the promotion. Now, in the companies very important are flexibility and capability to changes. Employers are not currently interested in keeping the same team for all time. They make further co-operation dependent on the level of demand of the employee‘s abilities for the company. Because of the nstability in employment Hiltrop suggested new type of psychological contract. According to him: â€Å"There is no job security. The employee will be employed as long as he or she adds value to the organization, and is personally responsible for finding new ways to add value. In return, the employee has the right to demand interesting and important work, has the freedom and resources to perform it well, receives pay that reflects his or her contribution, and gets the experience and training needed to be employable here or elsewhere†(Armstrong 2006:233). The new psychological contract does not guarantee a job for a lifetime. From my own experience I am able to say how important is the psychological contract for an employee. I was working for a building society, which was growing very well. As an employee I could expect from my employer appreciation and respect for my work. The responsibilities and duties for each of us were very clearly. The financial bonuses were the most motivational factor for all of us, because they were really high. The company has very good approach to its employees. When it generated more profits than it was presumed 25% of randomly chosen employees was going for a fully sponsored one week trip for one of the European countries. Also twice a year there was an integrating trip for all employees and lottery with the main prize of 50% of annual salary. None of this was formally written. It was the company’s customs. The best performing salesman had a company car and a mobile phone for an unlimited disposition with the option of buying them from the company after certain time. The loyalty to the company was very high. Nobody has left work by himself/herself since the establishment. Employees were very well motivated, because they knew that they would be appreciated. Thanks to those actions everybody were aimed for the company’s success. They were aware that when the company will gain profits and when the managers will be pleased with their performance the reward will be proper. The relationship between the employees and the organization has been changing recently. The employees want to develop their skills and if the company do not provide any training or development options for them they will leave, because their motivation to action will decrease. Nearly nobody wants to put an effort into company’s performance without being appreciated for it. Underestimated employees will not put much effort into their work. Motivation theories are old and not always adequate for today’s labour market. Employers are trying to motivate people in a different way, using different approaches and different points of view. Theoretical knowledge about motivation can be put into practice to see and explain, not only the psychological mechanism of organizational behaviour, but also to formulate diagnosis. Psychological factors of responsibility for the individual’s level of organizational behaviour have the basic meaning for understanding the peoples’ role in the organization and effective human resources management. Motivation theories are not flexible. They have their definitions, which contain certain rules and factors that create them. The psychological contract is much more flexible and can be changed under some special circumstances and mutual admittance. The negative side of the psychological contract is that, when one of the sides will not feel that their expectations and needs are fulfilled the trust and commitment will decrease. When these two factors are low the performance, positive attitude and motivation are poor. Motivation is important to keep the psychological contract, because without it the whole idea of the psychological contract is useless. Psychological contract has more determinant power than motivation theories. Unwritten mutual expectations, when are appeased, can motivate very well. People can find themselves united with the organization and its goals. Good leaders and managers will do their best to satisfy an employee, but on the other hand they will expect the same from him/her. Retaining positive employment relationship and psychological contract can have great influence over the company’s performance and image. List of references Adair, J. (2006) Leadership and motivation. London. Kogan Page Limited Armstrong, M.. (2006) 10th ednHandbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London. Kogan Page,Limited. Buchanan, D. , Huczynski A. (2004) 5th edn Organizational Behaviour. An Introductory Text. Essex. The Prentice Hall. Burke, E. (1999) Corporate Community Relations : The Principle of the Neighbor of Choice. Westport. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. Hunter, S. (2007) Motivation in the Workplace: Applying Maslow and Herzberg Theories. online] Available from [1 Dec 2008] Kermally, S. (2005) Gurus on people management. Oxford. Thorogood Miner, J. (2006) Organizational Behaviour 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership. New York. M. E. Sharp Inc. Robertson, I. , Smith, M. , Cooper, D. (1992) 2nd edn Motivation strategies, theory and practice. 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